Sequel to PHYSG 1523 and builds on physiologic foundations developed during the preceding semester. Course covers the function, mechanism of action, regulation, and integration of the renal and gastrointestinal systems that maintain body homeostasis through fluid, electrolyte and nutrient balance. The endocrine section of the course presents the function, mechanism of action, and regulation of specific hormones. Small group discussions and workshops will refine critical thinking and problem-solving skills as students identify physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the signs and symptoms described in pertinent clinical case studies.