This is a sequel course to PHYSG 1521 that builds on physiologic foundations developed during the preceding quarter. Course covers the function, mechanism of action, regulation, and integration of renal and gastrointestinal, endocrine and reproductive systems that maintain body homeostasis. The renal section of the course presents the function and the regulation of the nephron and the entire kidney, including acid/base balance. The gastrointestinal section of the course presents the function and the regulation of motility, digestion, absorption and secretion within the various regions of the gastrointestinal tract. The endocrine and reproductive sections of the course present function, mechanism of action, and regulation of specific hormones. Small group discussions and problem-based workshops, ultrasound workshops and simulations will refine critical thinking and problem-solving skills as students identify physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the signs and symptoms described in pertinent clinical case studies.